Trace analysis for stages of physical exertion on apoptosis in terms of gene expression of P16 and P53 in advanced cyclists

Abstract

Abstract: This study aimed to identify the numerical values ​​of programmed cell death (apoptosis) as a function of P16 and P53 gene expression in advanced cyclists, and to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the effects of physical exertion on apoptosis as a function of P16 and P53 gene expression in advanced cyclists. The researchers used a descriptive survey methodology, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population was defined as advanced cyclists participating in the individual road race for the 2024-2025 season in the Iraqi Clubs League, totaling (41) cyclists representing the clubs of Al-Adhamiya, Al-Hashd Al-Shaabi, Al-Sinaa, Koya, Al-Ittihad Al-Riyadi, Al-Nasiriyah, Suq Al-Shuyukh, Dhi Qar, and Shuhada Al-Amin. A sample of (20) cyclists was randomly selected by lottery, representing (48.780%) of the population. The main experiment was conducted on the research sample by collecting the research population. (2024-2025) Participants in the Iraqi Clubs League, numbering (20) players, over two days, with (10) players per day, on (26-27/2/2025), underwent a physical exertion test for individual cyclists. The gene expression of P16 and P53 was then measured: at rest and after exertion (physical exertion) after each of the test phases (first, second, and third). The most important conclusion reached by the researchers is that there is a significant variation in the numerical values ​​of the P16 and P53 gene expression, which represent programmed cell death, during physical exertion for individual cyclists (at rest, phase one, phase two, and phase three). In the third phase of the physical exertion, there was a relatively large increase in the gene expression of both P16 and P53 compared to phases one and two. This is attributed to the increased workload, the extended test duration, and the accumulation of chemical byproducts from the chemical reactions associated with physical exertion, leading to greater programmed cell death. This is due to the depletion of the reserve Carbohydrates during high-intensity physical exertion lead to an imbalance in energy supply. The most important recommendation is to utilize the findings in developing training programs and regulating training loads to ensure safe training for individual road race cyclists. This includes relying on the results and data on programmed cell death during physical exertion for individual road race cyclists (at rest, in the first stage, in the second stage, and in the third stage). This is a crucial and fundamental part of the sports season for cyclists, identifying the main obstacles that negatively affect individual road race cyclists and thus protecting them and maintaining their performance level..